Two Ethical Cases and Their Implications

It is very hard to comply with professional ethics when making decisions because at some instances, legal and ethical inconsistencies arise resulting into a dilemma. According to Davis, â€Å"being ethical does not always mean following the law, and just because something is possible does not mean it is ethical, hence the dilemma† (353). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Two Ethical Cases and Their Implications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since persistent dilemmas do arise in various professions, professional bodies have formulated code of ethics, which stipulates the conduct and prescribes ethical values that the members should uphold when faced with dilemmas in order for them to make the right decisions. In this regard, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) formulated their code of ethics to regulate the conduct of their respective engineers. This essay explores two ethical cases and discus ses their ethical implications with respect to the American Society Civil Engineers code of ethics. The Case of Art Ainsworth In this case, Art Ainsworth has ethical obligation to take further action by informing the building authority about the status of Walter’s residence. One of the fundamental principles of the code of ethics demands engineers to use their knowledge and skills in improving the welfare of human beings; therefore, it is quite ethical for Art Ainsworth to report the matter to the building authority. Basing on canon one, section one â€Å"engineers shall recognize that lives, safety, health and welfare of the general public are dependent upon engineering judgments, decisions and practices incorporated into structures, products, processes and devices† (ASCE 22). In this case, engineer Art Ainsworth has recognized the structural deficiency in his client’s residence and further advised on the emergency measures required to avert the impending inj ury or loss of life. Even though his client, Walter Weakly through his lawyer orders him to take no further action, canon one, section three prescribes that it is ethical for him to furnish information regarding violation of canon one.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since Art Ainsworth is an employee of his client and has received legal notification from his client to take no further action concerning his residence: it results into legal and ethical complication. Canon four of the code of ethics requires engineers to act faithfully and avoid conflict of interests emanating from their professional role. The fact that Art Ainsworth had offered to provide engineering service to repair his client’s residence but the client declined and furnish him with legal objection, shows that conflict of interest exists. Code of ethics canon four, section one states that, â€Å"engineers shal l avoid all known or potential conflicts of interest with their employers or clients and shall promptly inform their employers or clients of any business association, interests, or circumstances which could influence their judgment or the quality of their services† (ASCE 23). Therefore, despite the fact that Art Ainsworth has ethical responsibility to take further action since his client has not repaired his residence according to his recommendation, taking further action will have an ethical setback due to the conflict of interest. Whether public or private building, engineers have ethical responsibility of ensuring that they utilize their skills and knowledge optimally for human and environmental benefit. According to canon one, â€Å"engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their professional duties† (ASCE 22). Hence, Art Ainsworth has ethical responsibility of ensuring that the residence of his client meets the required standard for safety and welfare, and this has no effect on the course of action Art Ainsworth should take.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Two Ethical Cases and Their Implications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Given Art’s situation, I would have given the same recommendation to Walter Weakly; that his residence requires immediate repair due to the impending snowstorm, which may cause injury or loss of life. By doing this I will be acting within the code of ethics and ethical test that are imperative in decision-making. Since code of ethics demands professional action in ensuring safety and welfare of humanity, compelling my client to repair his building in due time is ethical. In my case, I would have not offered to provide repairing services because it is unethical because it creates conflict of interest, and fur thermore, it does not pass ethical tests such as defensibility test, virtue test, reversibility test, and professional test. (Davis 365). Professional ethics prohibit engineers from soliciting or accepting gratuities from their clients and therefore, offering to provide engineering services to the client is unethical. The Case of Richard Jones Richard’s actions are in violation of the ASCE code of ethics, canon one, section two, since he fraudulently signs and seals the documents, which he did not prepare. Canon six of the code of ethics requires engineers to uphold dignity, honor, and integrity of their profession. According to canon six, section one, â€Å"engineers shall not knowingly act in a manner which will be derogatory to the honor, integrity, or dignity of the engineering profession or knowingly engage in business or professional practices of a fraudulent, dishonest, or unethical nature† (ASCE 24). Richard’s actions do not pass ethical tests of reve rsibility, defensibility, professional and organizational test, thus quite unethical.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Richard could have taken other actions in order to conform to the ASCE code of ethics and pass various ethical tests. To avoid fraudulence, Richard could have advised his client to terminate his contract legally with the other engineering firm before reviving their business relationship. Alternatively, he should have demanded a fresh start of the document his client wanted approved rather than approving the work of others. Canon 5, section two prescribes that, â€Å"engineers should negotiate contracts for professional services fairly and on the basis of demonstrated competence and qualifications for the type of professional service required† (ASCE 24). To pass reversibility and professional test, Richard should have considered his building professional reputation and give fair competition. If I were in Richard’s position, I would consider legal and ethical implications that would arise. Firstly, approving the work of others is not only against professional ethics, b ut also it is a criminal offence of fraud, and I would be liable to prosecution in a court of law. Secondly, signing and sealing the work of others as though my own work will earn me a bad professional reputation that will lead to my suspension or even expulsion from the American Society of Civil Engineers and subsequent doom of my professional career. Canon 6, section one, states that, â€Å"engineers shall not knowingly act in a manner which will be derogatory to the honor, integrity, or dignity of the engineering profession or knowingly engage in business or professional practices of a fraudulent, dishonest or unethical nature† (ASCE 24). Basing my decision on this stipulation, I would have considered following legal and ethical procedures that would enhance my reputation and give fair competition to others. Works Cited American Society of Civil Engineers. â€Å"ASCE Code of Ethics.† The Fundamental Principles of the ABET Code of Ethics of Engineers. (2006): 21-25 . Davis, Michael. â€Å"Developing and Using Cases to Teach Practical Ethics.† Teaching Philosophy 20. (1997): 353-385. This essay on Two Ethical Cases and Their Implications was written and submitted by user Gabrielle Merrill to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Centripetal Force Lab Report Essay Example

Centripetal Force Lab Report Essay Example Centripetal Force Lab Report Paper Centripetal Force Lab Report Paper An object hat moves at a constant speed and changes direction is also experiencing acceleration even though its speed never changes. Both the acceleration produced by changing speed and the acceleration produced by changing direction require a net force. This force that is produced in called the centripetal force and the acceleration that causes a change in direction is called centripetal Centripetal force means center seeking. It is the force responsible for keeping an object in circular motion. If there were no centripetal force the object would fly off at a tangent because of Newtons First Law. This is demonstrated by spinning an object on a string. Fifth string were to break or be cut, the object would fly out of its circular path at a tangent. An equation can be used to represent the relationship between centripetal force, mass, velocity, and the radius of the circle. This equation is: [pica] Equipment and Setup Plastic tube Nylon cord Several rubber stoppers of different sizes Hanging masses Stopwatch Meter stick Tape Setup Procedural Summary String a plastic tube on the nylon cord and place a rubber stopper on one end and a hanging mass on the other end. Sometime it would not start or stop correctly. Other times it would stop and start again when the button was only pressed once. This means the timing of the 20 revolutions may not have been the most accurate, which would change our period lengths as well. Finally how we spun the stopper may not have been consistent. The path may have been slightly different or may have been spun faster or slower than necessary. This would change our periods. Questions and Conclusions Based on these diagrams one can see that the tension is what is actually causing centripetal force to be placed on the stopper as it rotates in circular motion. The mass remained stationary during the trials. This is because the tension applied to it and the force of gravity acting on it were equal. This means the only force left is the tension and centripetal force to keep the stopper rotating. 2. If the string were to break the stopper would fly in a direction tangent to the circle. This means it would be a 900 angle relative to the radius at that point. The reason for this is that when the string breaks centripetal force is no longer keeping the stopper in circular motion. It will therefore follow its normal path because of Newtons first law. It didnt go straight before because an external force was acting on it, but now that the centripetal force is gone, it will stay in its normal motion path until acted upon by another outside force. When the stopper is in circular motion it has acceleration because its direction is constantly changing. When the string breaks, however, the stopper will move at a constant elicit therefore producing no acceleration. This also means there is an absence of force according to Newtons Second Law. 3. As centripetal force increased, the velocity increased. 4. As the radius of the circle increased, the velocity increased. 5. As the mass of the moving stopper increased, the velocity decreased. 6. The centripetal force would need to decrease. This is because the radius is in the denominator and increasing the denomination with a constant numerator (mass and velocity) causes the quotient (centripetal force) to decrease. Conclusion This was a very successful lab overall. The graphs, the trend lines, and the slope of the trend lines really helped me to understand how changing the different factors in the centripetal force formula affects the results. I was able to verify the relationships in a statistical and visual way. While not always the case, most of the time I was able to visually see how the velocity changed with each trial. This certainly helped me understand the relationship and trends between the variables. Our data was able to show a clear trend as well, so the error must have been minimal. It seems like the correlations of the lines of best fits re close to 1 or -1 as well, so this also shows OUr data had quite regular trends.

Psychiatric Illness with Substance Misuse Essay

Psychiatric Illness with Substance Misuse - Essay Example Jenny is well known in psychiatric services, has a long history of substance misuse and 3 hospital admissions –the last being in October 2010. In this essay, I am going to focus on the last few years of my client journey and the period from her last admission to hospital to where she is now. I will explore how she came to this point from her perspective and analyze the information gathered in interviews. Due to illicit substance misuse and non-compliance with her treatment, Jenny's mental state deteriorated leading to a hospital admission. When discussing her drug addiction problem, Jenny talked about various stressors in her life prior to admission to hospital and using drugs to escape from problems and not being able to break the cycle of dependence. Jenny talked about her drug habit and how it affected her mental state and behavior. She acknowledged prior to her admission to hospital that she started to feel negative about herself, neglect her personal hygiene and increasin gly feel agitated and angry. At that time, she continued to drink alcohol and use crack cocaine and cannabis as she found it difficult to overcome her cravings and was not compliant with her treatment. She reported feeling threatened by fellow female occupants at her supported accommodation and felt they were trying to harm her. Her record showed that on admission she was aroused, agitated, talking to self, trying to kill some insect on her shoes and responding to unknown stimuli saying that there were spiders around her body. Substance misuse affects people’s mental health in relation to how they see themselves, their mood and behavior.  

Can commercial media be ethical Be sure to draw on each of the module Essay

Can commercial media be ethical Be sure to draw on each of the module topics to in answering the question and use artefacts fro - Essay Example It will also contain ads from various brands that were banned for breaking the ethical barriers. Commercial Media Most of the content of media is staged, where the TV channels show that the Pope is blessing innumerable people, what is important in showing this on air is the millions of people who are viewing this at home not the ones present at the scene where the Pope is offering his blessings. Similarly, the political discussions shown that are witnessed on the TV require approval by the political authorities before these are presented to the viewers. Nevertheless, it can be said that such media programs are few, however, the point persists that such manipulated media is existent. Although, such ‘live Media’ events may be few in number but with the passage of time they are increasing in quantity (Rosengren, 1994). Thus, it can be implied that the human mind is largely conditioned by the media available on the internet, programs on TV, and articles available online and in the magazines. Many individuals believe it to be authentic and let it influence their mind sets. This perspective to look at the authenticity of media makes the consumer gullible to the gimmicks presented in the content of media available on TV, in News Papers, and magazines (Hiebert, 2001; Berman, Abraham, Battino, Shipnuck, & Neus, 2004). Journalism is another way to advertise the product in the market. The image of the advert entirely relies upon the sort of publicity it receives. Usually, this type of advertising is used for the events and media programs; creating a hype for the program in order to increase the TRP’s of the show. Publicity of a product can make and break the image of the product; for whatever the consumer reads and sees on TV thinks it to be authentic to its core. Thus, a bad publicity can ruin the image of the product altogether (Kwanash-Aidoo, 2005; Baerns, 2003; Mickey, 1997). Therefore, it can be analyzed that commercial media has the power to shap e the mind sets of individuals to the extent where they can believe in certain things and abandon beliefs as well. The commercial media have evolved over the last decade. With the emergence of new technology the ideas of communication has been shaped in to varied ways that gauge the attention of the audience and the media providers. This has diverted the attention of the media developers to the newly innovated ways of communication to tools such as the internet and mobile media. Many advertising agencies have invested large sums of money in ambient media. UK industry forecasts that the ambient media are so effective that its growing rapidly, in the near future the cost for ambient media will be in millions of pounds; moreover the literature suggests that the traditional media such as TV, posters, Cinema, and radio is substantially being replaced with the ‘non-traditional out-of-home’ media which is collectively referred to as the ambient media (Hiebert, 2001; Shankar & Horton, 1999). It is essential to high light that due to non-availability of business models in media many of the factors in advertising remain unattended and hap-hazard. For these reasons media tries to publish a story in order to sell well. This lack of media business models only make the media focus upon

Should People Make More of an Effort to Keep Things Private Essay Example for Free

Should People Make More of an Effort to Keep Things Private Essay People should make more of an effort to keep factors of their life private. For example when you see some people on Facebook updating about what they had for breakfast. I do not think we need to know that isnt them truly expressing themselves however that seems to be what they think they are doing. You shouldnt express yourself via the internet it should be what you do in certain situations and how you do it that express who you are. Today, many seem to not to want to keep some mystery about them. In addition, the internet does make this difficult as all you have to do is Google somebody and you can find out where they live, work, what their hobbies are and even who their family are. Initially, the fact you can find this information so easily is incredibly scary. Also it takes away the mystery of meeting someone and getting to know them when you can flick through their Facebook pictures and find out what they wore last Christmas. We expect people to respect our privacy but then we go and post all our details, this makes us hypocrites. I understand not everyone may do this but the majority do, if you post pictures on the internet, put your name and number anywhere you are giving away your privacy. Even the governments cannot respect our privacy. They put security cameras on every corner, in every building. Understandably they prevent and solve crimes but as a result it removes our privacy. Also, it is a huge factor in being a nanny state where we no longer have any privacy or the freedom to make decisions. They should respect our privacy and trust their people. However, should they respect our privacy if we think we have the right to know about their private lives? For example, we know all about Arnold Schwarzeneggers love child but should we be privy to this information it doesnt affect is ability to do his jobs. Also football players are a good example as many of them have affairs but it doesnt affect how they play. Why do we know intimate details of their life? Why do we feel we have the right to it? We wouldnt want everyone in our street knowing details like that let alone wanting it to be common knowledge internationally. We should respect their privacy as long as it does not affect how they act publicly. In conclusion, even though the media may not respect some individuals privacy and the governments may take ours as a bi-product of protecting us people should make more of an effort to keep some factors of their life private. As I said at the beginning people should retain some mystery and express themselves truly by what they do and how they do it. Yet, they may feel free to express themselves by telling us about their breakfast if it is a humorous anecdote or an interesting metaphor.

The Cloning Debate Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Cloning Debate Not so far in the future, a young boy of the age of six, dying a heart-wrenching death, will only be able survive with a bone marrow transplant.   His parents will have searched near and far for a match, but none will come to their aid.   The only possible way that they can produce a perfect match for their son's bone marrow is to clone their son.   Unfortunately, at this time this topic is still being discussed and debated upon with the government.   Their only child that has been their treasure for six years might die.   A clone of their son becomes their apple of aspiration to keep the treasure from being buried. With a scenario as presented above, cloning might seem like the answer to hundreds of lives taken at the expense of uncontrollable forces.   But is there another side to the story?   Isn't there always?   Professor Kevin Williams of Georgetown University is still depicting the ambiguity of this topic when he states, "Like Adam and Eve, we want to be God, to be in control.   The question is, what are the limits?" (U.S. News World Report).   Making an identical copy of another human being is a rather drastic move, a move that in most people's eyes can only be carried through by God.   Some deem that cloning would put us in the shoes of God.   They believe that instead of God creating life, we would.   Some professors beg to differ, like David Fletcher of Wheaton College in Wheaton, IL who argues, "It is still only God who creates life." Perhaps cloning is not the answer and our society should leave reproduction up to the natural ways.   But then one must ask themselves the question of 'why not'.   Is there some horrible outcome that will back fire due to the aberrant ways of creating a child?   Is bring... ...volunteers, would we misuse it like Green thinks?   Are we capturing the phenomenon or is it destined to engross us? Sources Cited Coghlan, Andy.   "Reprogram Your   Body."   www.newscientist.com/nsplus/insight/clone/reprogram.html (16 April 2001). Decker, Christine.   "OSU Ethics Specialist To Provide National Report On Religion, Cloning."   www.orst.edu/dept/ncs/newsarch/1997/March97/courtclone.htm  Ã‚   (17 April 2001). Green, Ronald M.   "I, Clone."   www.sciam.com/1999/0999bionic/0999green.html   (17 April 2001). Herbert, Wray.   "The World After Cloning."   www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/970310/10clon/htm   (16 April 2001). Vere, Steven.   "The Case for Cloning Humans."   www.best.com/~vere/cloning/htm  Ã‚   (17 April 2001). Wachbroit, Robert.   "Genetic Encores: The Ethics of Human Cloning." www.puaf.umd.edu/IPPP/Fall97Report/cloning/htm   (17 April 2001).

Kevin Stevenson retires as AASB Chair Essay

This article is concerned with the accomplishments and achievements of Kevin Stevenson upon his retirement as the Chairman of the Australian Accounting Standards Board on 30th June 2014. During his tenure, Kevin Stevenson ensured that the long traditions of financial reporting were upheld both internationally and domestically and also provided counsel on issues concerning the FRC. Mr. Stevenson was an example of pioneer standard setters for generations down the line as he was among the founding members of the Accounting Standards Advisory Forum of the International Accounting Standards Board. Through his leadership, the AASB’s Research Centre was established as Stevenson served the Asian-Oceanian Standard Setters Group’s chair. His main focus was to work in the interest of the public, as stated by Lynn Wood, the FRC’s chair and trustee of the IFRS Foundation. In concurrence is Ian Mackintosh, the former Chair of the PSASB of Australia and Deputy Chair of IASB. Ac cording to Mackintosh, Stevenson largely contributed in the moves by Asia countries like Nepal and Korea to the IFRS. From the onset of the 1970s, Mr. Stevenson’ attention was driven towards setting ‘principal based’ standards and developing a Conceptual Framework to be used in financial reporting. He advocated for accounting regulations as evidenced by his association with the Accounting Research Foundation and later on watched over the growth of the AARF upon being appointed its Director. He was at the forefront of setting the international pace in the development of common accounting standards for both the public and the private sectors. Stevenson largely contributed to the formation of the Public Sector Accounting and also played a significant role in the establishment of the stable platform of International Financial Reporting Standards in 2005 for adoption in Australia and the entire Europe. Concepts, ideas and facts                      Teamwork and leadership are two important components that must be in alignment so as to provide effective high quality and efficient accounting services. A strategic human resource management model provides guidance to accounting teams and leaders to deliver high-quality services in a timely manner. Accounting operates within a performance measurement that tolerates no errors. Therefore, a state-of-the-art investigation requires scientific leadership working with major stakeholders as a team to provide the best accounting services to a fraud investigation. The new techniques of accounting are significant steps in the right direction and they require leaders with skills and business tools to apply concepts such as efficiency, cost benefit analysis, economies of scale and cost-effectiveness analysis that will measure continuous improvement on a regular basis. Effective leadership is needed to develop, design and implement a solution that would resolve the core competency of an organization. Strategic leadership in accounting provides quality and timely accounting services to a company. Such leadership like that o Stevenson brings together a fragmented system consisting of thousands of accountants working within a fragmented system of organizations. Effective teamwork and leadership in accounting shows the way through the development of new innovative fraud investigations for the future. Leaders in positions like that of Stevenson are encouraged to consider both the social and moral implications of their decisions with regard to how their decisions will affect the clients and shareholders of the company. It is the ethical responsibility of every employee to ensure their company does not illegally evade income taxes or allow questionable deductions. They should ensure that the company finds are allocated to the appropriate activities based on their importance and determine the important elements of the business. The accounting issue                      One major way of improving the confidence in financial reporting and accounting is to ensure that there is improvement in ethical standards, reporting mechanisms, strengthening of governance and adequacy of financial management. It is ethical to maintain the right to the truth while practicing accounting and financial reporting. Those who use financial statements have the right to accurate and truthful information when engaging in investment strategies. Clients have a legal right to receive competent and professional services from accountants who have a legal obligation to perform their responsibilities within the constraints of their skills. It is often argued that most accountants lack ethical ability to recognize and solve ethical dilemmas. This has necessitated the need to include ethics education as a major component of the accounting profession. The development of professional ethics and values should be initiated early in the accounting profe ssion and be emphasized throughout the career. Major issue of the article                      Stevenson clearly shows that it is the responsibility of management to serve the best interests of the company that they are providing auditing and accounting services for, investors and society as a whole. This can be done by providing truthful and accurate financial records. Ethical guidelines require that management should be honest, concise, accurate and complete while recording financial data to ensure ethics are held to the highest degree. It is also the duty of every employee to make wise, informed decisions about the future of a company. These accounting standards are useful in financial reporting and accounting as they are processes that are currently under a great deal of scrutiny. The two are important functions that organizations should take care of and ensure that they exhibit a high code of ethics. This is because clients and shareholders use accounting and financial reports in their decision making process. Legal and ethical issues ar e important elements of financial reporting and accounting as has been demonstrated by the positions assumed by Mr. Stevenson. These issues prompted Stevenson to establish financial reporting and accounting departments to set up specific sets of rules that govern the functioning of any organization. Relevant topics and theories                      The long traditions of financial reporting applied Positive Accounting theory by focusing on various aspects that are of major interest to accounting techniques and the issues that provided an informative background and the gives in depth details of the functionality of accounting in financial reporting. Positive Accounting gives a holistic description of what is currently unknown and proposes future considerations. Financial reporting and accounting apply to any economic entity relating to the company’s future business. The major ethical elements involved are objectivity, competence, independence and integrity. These ethical elements require that accountants and financial reporters are independent of the clients to whom they provide financial and accounting services. Ethical obligations help to determine the effectiveness of accounting and financial report and redress any imbalance that may alter information symmetry. The move by Nepal and K orea followed the ethical guidelines of financial reporting and never let the desire for a better living and acquiring more possession get in the way of their financial obligations. It is ethical for any employee of the accounting or financial department working in the public or private sector to remain loyal and impartial to ethical obligations when reviewing both individual and financial reports. It is usual for one to encounter various ethical issues and it is therefore important for one to remain vigilant to resist temptations to manipulate financial records that could violate ethical guidelines. Transparency and integrity are important ethical elements of normative accounting theory. Some companies may receive pressure from management to maintain a certain public image. This is because some public companies have the burden of succeeding at high levels and it becomes an ethical issue for them to maintain true reports of the company assets, profits and liabilities without succumb ing to the pressure from management. It is unethical for management to alter the financial records of its company and manipulate the numbers to create a false image of the success of the company. This only leads to prosperity in the short term since such fraud cases are discovered by the Securities and Exchange Commission ultimately spelling the downfall of the company. For these reasons, accounting theories assert that companies must remain ethically vigilant to avoid breaching the code of conduct. High standards of ethical behavior are expected for those people engaging in accounting and financial reporting. These standards provide rules and guidance to employees in the performance of their professional obligations. Poor decision making by management based on faulty or manipulated financial records aimed at deceiving the public about a company’s financial health has negative consequences on the business. It is therefore unethical for management to overlook such behavior. Gi ven how tempting it is for companies to manipulate their financial records in order to portray an image of economic health, management should provide the last defense possible to prevent accounting fraud. In comment letter 1, the Financial Reporting Committee of the IMA wrote to express its views on financial accounting standards on simplification of the income statement presentation through the elimination of the concept of extraordinary items. The FRC is in charge of several accounting books of different companies this in essence means that they are charged with the responsibility of making timely responses to statements, pronouncements, research legislations, proposals and pending legislations. Their main concern in this letter is the complex nature of financial statements in FASB comment letters. They support the simplication initiative adopted by the board as regards to making the financial statements easier to understand by the common folk CITATION Sch l 1033 (Schroder, 2014). Their support is on the elimination of elimination of extra ordinary items as in most times this criterion is not always met. Their proposal thus rids of the tedious work in the preparation of financial documents and whether this requirement is met by auditors in the process of doing their work. Their support is based on the fact that it reduces to a great extending the complex nature of the time for the allocation of the provision of income tax by reducing the occurrence of other income items occurring. They thus advocate for a thorough examination of the details of this suggested proposal CITATION Sch l 1033 (Schroder, 2014). In comment letter number 2, Marcum Accountants and Advisors write to the FASB regarding the proposed accounting standards through the simplification of the income statement by elimination of the concept of extraordinary items. Their letter is generally a response to several questions regarding the process of simplification of the income statement. They support the concept of elimination of extra ordinary items from the General Accounting principles. Their contention is based on the difficulty of application the extra ordinary items in accounting practice CITATION Giu14 l 1033 (Giugliano, 2014). They thus support the application for extra ordinary items in previous accounting periods. A sudden change of the rules would otherwise lead to confusion in the accounting practice. The ease of application of the proposed update makes it easy to make these recommended changes quite easy to adopt. They thus suggest the immediate adoption of the proposed update. They are in agreement with the decision by the board to stick to the principle of separate disclosure of infrequent transactions. Items must thus meet the definition of occurring infrequently in recurrent expenditure. They list the following examples as those that should not be classified as unusual or infrequently occurring: occupancy related expense, routine tax audit returns and losses and gains from reimbursements from insurance CITATION Giu14 l 1033 (Giugliano, 2014). They thus suggest the importance of offering guidance on the determination of unusual items. Proper definitions should thus be provided of the unusually occurring items. In comment letter 3, Ford Motor Company also writes in support of the simplication initiative by FASB. Their agreement is based on the objective of evaluation, identification and improvement of the generally accepted accounting principles CITATION Cal14 l 1033 (Callahan, 2014). This thus means that the reduction of the cost of complexity is possible with the simplification of the income statement. They are also in agreement with the board that such an update would not lead to data loss. The overall benefit would be to the end users of such financial statements. References Callahan, S. (2014). Ford Company. Giugliano, G. (2014). Marcum Accountants. Schroder, N. (2014). Institute of Management Accounting. Source document