The Ottoman Empire Of Islam - 1350 Words

The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Turks who initially relocated from Central Asia, rose to control in the late 1300s mid 1400s to pick up administration over a large portion of the Middle East. In 1453 the armed force of Mehmed II, The Conqueror, conveyed their massive siege cannons to the entryway of Constantinople and raged the Christian capital. Subsequent to catching Constantinople in 1453 the Ottomans had built up a genuine domain, contemporary with the Habsburg. The Ottoman was the remainder of the grand extensive empire of Islam, overlying the Abbasid and Seljuk, with some Mongol impact through the Ilkhanids of Persia. The Fall of Constantinople denoted the end of the Middle Ages and the start of another age in Europe. The Spanish and Portuguese Voyage The first countries in Europe to explore the Atlantic would be Portugal and Spain. They both had a lot of sea involvement in the Mediterranean, on account of exchange and long arrangement of maritime wars against the Ottoman Turks. Portuguese and Spanish exploration amid the 1400s and mid 1500s continued in two ways. To start with, the Portuguese endeavored to achieve the grounds of the far east by guiding their way down the shoreline of Africa, adjusting the landmass, and after that sailing across the Indian Ocean to Asia. Second, and meanwhile, the Spanish, rivaling the Portuguese endeavored to locate their own course to Asia by sailing west, around the world. Broadly the Spanish discovered the continents ofShow MoreRelatedIslam, The Ottoman And Safavid Empire1528 Words   |  7 PagesIslam, the Ottoman and Safavid Empire Every empire that has ever been created constantly evolves. They will grow or they will diminish. Many empires cease to exist and some even start over under a different name. Throughout history, faith and religion have been at the core of almost every successful empire. There are a lot of factors that play into their faith. Two of the greatest empires to ever exist were the Ottoman and Safavid Empire. The Ottoman Empire was so large that it spanned from the IranianRead MoreIslam And Its Influence Throughout Prominent Kingdoms1274 Words   |  6 PagesMarsh 13 November 2015 World History, pd. 7 Islam and Its Influence Throughout Prominent Kingdoms Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, one of the most valiant world powers of its time, received heavy influence from the spread of Islam through Europe and Asia Minor. Culture, military, and politics also held a stranglehold on the Ottoman Empire. Emerging as one of the many Turkish states in Asia Minor from the decline of the Seljuk Turk Empire, the Ottoman Turks began to engulf surrounding states, gainingRead MoreThe Expansion Of Geographic Islam1743 Words   |  7 Pagescommon theme forever expanding empires and crusades. Countless societies flourished through campaigns forged in the name of religion. Examples of empires are the Hapsburg, Roman, and of course the Ottoman. The Ottoman Empire is particularly unique because it was the last great empire to fall. The Ottoman Empire is also special because through its military and geographical conquests it also introduced and spread Islam throughout the world. At one point the Ottoman Empire held territories from the BalkansRead MoreThe Transformation of Islam and Judaism and the Introduction of Mysticism in the Early Modern World1272 Words   |  5 PagesIslam and Judaism were comparable religions both before and after the early modern era. Jews and Muslims believed in the same God and recognized each other’s prophets. Both even denied the resurrection of Jesus, which was a strong bonding factor in a time of impending Christian dominance. During the early modern period, it was not uncommon for Jews and Muslims to interact with one another. Jews even lived in Muslim lands to flee from Christian prosecution and forced conversion. 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The Purpose of the empire was to gain land , and spread their Islamic teachings. With this they had created a thirteenth century empire led by Osman, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. Osman surroundedRead MoreWhy the Ottoman Empire Proved to Be the Most Successful and Enduring of the Early-Modern Islamic Empires1636 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Ottoman Empire proved to be the most successful and enduring of the early-modern Islamic empires. From its emergence as an empire in the fourteenth century, the Ottoman Empire conquered and expanded its reign throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa until its fall in the nineteenth century. This essay will examine the driving factors of Ottoman success in its conquest, and the dynasty system and law of the Ottomans which, arguably, was a core ingredient in the enduring reign of the Ottoman EmpireRead MoreHow Did The Ottoman Empire Differ From Earlier And The Middle East?1247 Words   |  5 Pages02/28/2016 Mid-Term How did the Ottoman Empire differ from earlier Islamic empires in the Middle East? The Ottoman Empire, or Ottoman Turkish, was one of the longest in history, having gone through the whole modern era and only come to an end with the end of World War I in 1918. The event that is commonly taken by historians as the inaugurator of the Modern age is the fall of Constantinople, the center of the Byzantine Empire, and was triggered by the Turkish-Ottoman. 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They referred to this imperial state as the Ottoman Empire. The Purpose of the empire was to expand their territory, and spread their Islamic teachings. With this

A Son Of The Forest - 892 Words

William Apess broke the mold by writing this autobiography titled A Son of the Forest in 1829, considering it was not a common literary form for his time. Apess also set the bar as the earliest autobiography written and published by a Native American. Throughout the piece we learn his highs and lows, the prejudices he encountered, his different jobs, and his ordainment and success as a minister. Apess was child of a mixed-race shoemaker, and a slave/indentured servant. While he was young his parents split and Apess and his siblings were left in the care of their grandparents. Apess describes his life with grandparents to be awful. He writes that when his grandparents are under the influence of liquor that they would fight and at times would turn on him and his siblings and beat them â€Å"in the most cruel manner† (Apess, 5). At one point he writes that his grandmother comes home intoxicated after being out â€Å"amongst the whites† and beat him severely. Later he says that the reason for her conduct was caused by something, â€Å"I attribute it in a great measure to the whites†. Even though he did not like the whites, Mr. Furman was a white neighbor who gave he and his siblings milk when they were hungry and also attended to his broken arm after his being pushed down the stairs. Apess himself even calls Mr. Furman a good man (60). Although Apess holds somewhat of a grudge against the white man, his autobiography serves as an honest look into the life of a typical Native American in theShow MoreRelatedDifferences In William Apesss Son Of The Forest1055 Words   |  5 Pages1. One of the differences in William Apess’s â€Å"Son of the Forest† is the perspective of the writer. Apess was Native American born, whereas other writers we have encountered were European usually of English or Spanish descent. Additionally, Apess is a Christian Indian, his father being of mixed heritage and his mother of the tribe having not a single drop of the white man’s blood (Apess B: 131). Apess was a member of the oppressed Group, even though their numbers (ratio of skins of color to whiteRead MoreConservation vs. Preservation894 Words   |  4 PagesDear Editor, I am writing to you in regard to the Bridger -Teton National Forest. It is â€Å"the largest intact ecosystem in the lower 48 United States. Offering nearly 1.2 million acres of designated Wilderness, over 3,000 miles of road and trail and thousands of miles of unspoiled rivers and streams.† (USDA Forest Service) I am appealing to you as a conservationist. I believe that the natural resources of the forest can be of great help to us. As we experience this oil and gas crisis in the USRead MoreThe Legend of the Woodsmen in Eerie Grove1176 Words   |  5 Pages Few people used to believe in the legend of the Woodsmen. 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All the brothers were veryRead MoreNatasha Schuyler. Mr. Ortiz. English 12. 27 February 2017.Macbeth1329 Words   |  6 Pagessome major plot points are completely different. The film Throne of Blood and the play Macbeth differ in the events of Asaji’s pregnancy and Lady Macbeth’s lack thereof, the roles of Macduff and Noriyasu, the prophecies of the three witches and the forest spirit, and the deaths of Macbeth and Washizu. The character of Lady Macbeth in Macbeth is compared to the character of Asaji in Throne of Blood. Lady Macbeth and Asaji are very similar characters. Both are extremely ambitious, cunning, and ruthlessRead MorePersonal Essay On The Light In The Forest743 Words   |  3 Pagestimes. In The Light in the Forest, Mary Jemison’s personal narrative, and from my personal experience, there are many situations when your family never leaves your side, stands up for you, and believes in you! In The Light in the Forest, True Son’s Indian family never leaves his side. When True Son comes back from the village, he still shows his love towards his family and runs away from his birth family to be with them. True Son doesn’t want to leave them. â€Å"True Son looked at [his younger sister]Read MoreWebsite Review: www.ADHDScam.com666 Words   |  3 Pagesabout the scam surrounding school officials telling parents their children may have ADHD and need to be put on medication to control the symptoms. The author and webmaster of the site, Forest Cunningham Sr., created his website, www.ADHDScam.com, in 2009, after the failed attempt by his son’s school to diagnose Forest Jr. with ADHD. The boy went through the first six months of school without any mention of problems, and he was earning straight A’s. Then, one day, he was sent home with a note statingRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1613 Words   |  7 Pagesthe community. Though the reader sees Okonkwo as a tough, brave man in the society; deep down Okonkwo cares for children. An example of Okonkwo’s caring attributes would be when he regrets not doing anything while hearing the twins cry in the Evil Forest, his depressed state post-killing Ikemefuna and when the Oracle calls for Ezinma. In Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the reader is introduced to the protagonist of the novel named Okonkwo. Throughout the novel, the reader comes to realize thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Hallow 994 Words   |  4 Pagesthat has just relocated – with his wife, Claire (Bojana Novakovic), and newborn son, to a small Irish town next to a thought-to-be haunted forest. While examining the forest, Adam discovers a tar-like black substance that appears to be symbiotic at the molecular level. In the meantime, and against the behest of his neighbor, Colm Donnelly (Michael McEdlhatton), Adam ignores the folk tale of horrors about the dark forest that runs rampant through the town – at least until the creatures, seemingly fueledRead MoreThe The Butter Thief Of Swami Ramsvarup And From The Textbook World Religions1300 Words   |  6 Pagesdharma of being a son and teaches selflessness when he obeys his parents to sacrifice the crown of the king and the decision of being exiled. Initially, Rama’s father Dasaratha wanted to crown Rama as the king of his kingdom (Narayan 34). After Rama’s stepmother, Kaikeyi, finds out she is angry that her husband chose Rama over her son Bharatha (Narayan 41). She decides to take advantage of Dasaratha and forces him to let Bharatha become the king and have Rama exiled to the forest for fourteen yea rs

The evolutionary anatomy Free Essays

string(595) " rotator of the leg \) Plantaris Muscles that act at the mortise joint \( talotibial \) articulation: Tibialis front tooth \( dorsiflexion \) Extensor hallucis longus \( dorsiflexion \) Extensor digitorum longus \( dorsiflexion \) Peroneus tertius \( dorsiflexion \) Peroneus longus and brevis \( plantar flexure \) Gastrocnemius \( plantar flexure \) Soleus \( plantar flexure \) Plantaris \( plantar flexure \) Flexor digitorum longus \( plantar flexor \) Tibialis buttocks \( plantar flexor \) Dodo records: Australopithecus afarensis: The shinbone and the calf bone are rather interesting\." A, Differences between the hip skeleton and muscular structure of two-footed hominid and four-footed apes. Troy Worlds: Reduced tallness, comparative broadness ( it is of import in two-footed position, because the weight of the organic structure does non concentrate onto the spinal cord merely ) . Orientation of blade ( the curvature and the mediolateral orientation of the iliac blades help the Glutei medius and minimi to move as kidnappers and they can besides help in support of the bole. We will write a custom essay sample on The evolutionary anatomy or any similar topic only for you Order Now This curving form besides helps in equilibrating the upper organic structure during motive power, because the external and internal oblique musculuss attach to the iliac crest ) . Acetabular border and the well-developed anterior inferior iliac spinal column ( AIIS ) reflects the two-footed motive power. Rectus femoris takes its beginning here, that extends the leg at the articulatio genus. Rectus femur is really of import in some of the spring and clinging prosimians, as the bushbaby and lemurs, because Rectus femur is a leaping musculus in them. However, in apes, there is no big AIIS. AIIS is besides a topographic point for the iliofemoral ligament in worlds that prevents the hip articulation from overstraining. Apes: There is no S-shaped curve visible at the iliac crest and the crest undertakings laterally. Therefore, the iliac pit Easts anteriorly and the gluteal surface undertakings posteriorly. This orientation keeps the bole in an unsloped place during sitting or crouching. In instance if they want to walk bipedally, the Glutei medius and minumi musculuss medially rotate the flexed thigh at the hip – while in worlds they abduct the drawn-out thigh. The long iliac crest is an version to mounting. Latissimus dorsi beginnings from here and inserts into the humerus. Because this is one of the most of import climbing-muscles, the longer the iliac crest is, the better assistance is in mounting. The otic surface and the iliac tubercle are smaller in apes. It is chiefly because of the fact that their weight does non concentrate on their pelvic part and lower limbs ( hind limbs ) . Ischium Worlds: Ischial tubercle is an fond regard for the hamstring musculuss ( Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus and Adductor magnus hamstring portion ) . At a superior force per unit area during the two-footed position, the posterior portion of the sacrum elevates, and pulls upwards the ischial tubercle. The ischial tubercle – which is located merely below the great sciatic notch – reflects the bipedalism. Apes: Long ischial bone. The ischial tubercle is wider in apes than it is in worlds and it does non look so â€Å" pulled-up † in apes. The ischial tubercle lacks the aspects for the hamstring and adductor musculuss. Pubis Worlds: Pubic crest and pubic tubercle are of import in two-footed motive power every bit good, because the pubic crest serves as an fond regard for Rectus abdominis that supports the backbones and pubic tubercle is associated with the inguinal ligament, which helps in back uping the bole. The iliopubic distinction is the splitter of the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine ( ASIS ) and the AIIS. Here takes topographic point the iliopsoas musculus that helps in flexing the hip and back uping the upper organic structure on the hip articulation. Apes: Apes lack all these human features at the pubic bone: they do non hold a pubic crest nor tubercle, and because their pelvis East otherwise, their ilipsoas channel and iliopubic distinction are losing. The pubic symphysis in apes are normally fuses together, while it merely seldom happens in worlds. Acetabulum Worlds: The orientation of the cotyloid cavity is inferior-lateral-anterior. The superior border of cotyloid cavity must get by with the biggest weight/pressure, it developed a really thick gristle, so did the caput of the thighbone. This is called laubrum. Very strong, Z-shaped, ligaments are present here. The deepness of the cotyloid cavity can state us a batch about the mobility of the hip articulation. If the cotyloid cavity is shallow, it reflects more flexibleness. The cotyloid cavity in worlds is shallow compared to many of the African apes ( but Pan troglodytess ) , but it is deep compared to the orang-utans. Apes: The ligaments are weaker than in worlds. Sacrum, tail bone Worlds: The human sacrum contains five amalgamate vertebrae averagely. However, it can be varied between four and six. The tail bone stands from four amalgamate vertebrae, normally. The sacrum in worlds is wider than in apes and it is non so long as an ape sacrum. This alone form is really typical sing to bipedalism. The wider sacrum means more distance between the sacroiliac articulation, which helps in reassigning the weight and the force per unit area from pubic symphysis. A wider distance at this articulation besides means a larger birth-canal. Apes: In apes and tamper the figure of the amalgamate vertebrae of the sacrum and tail bone may change from species to species. The form of the sacrum is non so broad and more extended. It reveals that they do non back up so immense weight on their pelvic part as do the worlds. Femur Worlds: The human thighbone is longer than that of an ape. The sidelong condyle in worlds is more outstanding. The bicondylar surface is larger in worlds than in apes. It is because of the Centre of gravitation of the organic structure. Apes: Medial condyle is larger in apes. More flexibleness at the hip articulation. B, Actions of musculuss at the articulatio genus and ankle articulations during two-footed motive power. Observed characteristics in hereditary hominid dodos. Extensor muscles of the leg at the articulatio genus articulation: Tensor facia latae Quadricepss femoris musculuss ( Rectus femoris, Vasti lateralis, medialis, intermedius ) Flexor muscles of the leg at the articulatio genus articulation: Sartorius Gracilis ( besides can help in median rotary motion ) Hamstringing musculuss ( Biceps femoris { it is besides the sidelong rotator of the articulatio genus articulation } , Semimembranosus, Semitendenosus { they besides medially revolve the articulatio genus articulation when the leg is flexed } Gastrocnemius Popliteus ( weak flexor, but it is a median rotator of the leg ) Plantaris Muscles that act at the mortise joint ( talotibial ) articulation: Tibialis front tooth ( dorsiflexion ) Extensor hallucis longus ( dorsiflexion ) Extensor digitorum longus ( dorsiflexion ) Peroneus tertius ( dorsiflexion ) Peroneus longus and brevis ( plantar flexure ) Gastrocnemius ( plantar flexure ) Soleus ( plantar flexure ) Plantaris ( plantar flexure ) Flexor digitorum longus ( plantar flexor ) Tibialis buttocks ( plantar flexor ) Dodo records: Australopithecus afarensis: The shinbone and the calf bone are rather interesting. We can detect versions to both arboreal and two-footed marks. This is called Mosaic morphology. The examined specimens: AL 129-1b, AL 288-1aq and AL 333x-26 ) . Ape-like elements: short boundary line to the sidelong condyle, in the first two specimens, there are characteristics that general in the apes ( under the epicedial there was the â€Å" hollowed-out visual aspect † ) which means that the Tibialis buttocks attached to the sidelong side of the tibia alternatively of the posterior side. Other fond regards – such as semimembranosus and gracilis are besides instead ape-like. However, other A. afarensis specimens show two-footed features: Distal articulation surface of the shinbone ( the angle of the mortise joint articulation and the shinbone and calf bone ) . But, yet once more, there are ape-like characteristics besides on the distal portion of calf bone: the way of the articular aspect, ( Easts distally instead than medially as in the modern worlds ) , they have an anteriorly oriented peroneal channel on their calf bone while it faces laterally in modern worlds. The A. afarensis Lucy ( AL 288-1 ) besides owns these Mosaic morphological characteristics: the posteriorly oriented distal tibial angle shows similarities with the apes, while in other afarensis specimens the angle is sidelong, which is a human characteristic. The transporting angle at the articulatio genus articulation besides shows more similarities to the modern human specimens. This can uncover an single arboreal wont of Lucy, and a more developed bipedalism in the other specimens. Homosexual habilis: The H. habilis specimens do non do so many statements than the australopithecines. They have more human like characteristics in their lower legs and less ape-like characteristics. Although, they do non miss these characteristics ( rounded anterior boundary line of the shinbone, in worlds the interpolation country of the Flexor digitorum longus is bigger than that of the tibialis posterior – it is rather the antonym in the habilis. The fond regards of other musculuss – soleus, popliteus – show kind of a passage between apes and worlds, etc. ) . The Neandertal mans: The calf bone and the shinbone are really robust, but bear the human features. Q2, Evolution of the early hominid pes The chief features of the human pes include the presence of the arches, the calcaneocuboid articulation, the proportions of the major parts of the pes, the form of the ankle-joint and the fact that the big toe can non be opposed. The arches in pes are rather alone, the apes do non hold arches ( they have merely one arch, the transverse arch ) . In worlds, apart from the plantar aponeurosis, there are other ligaments that aid in holding these arches: the spring ligament, the short plantar ligament and the long plantar ligament. The length of the distal figures of the toes are much shorter in worlds than in apes, nevertheless, the size of the large toe is about the same. The pes of Australopithecus afarensis, such as in the leg, shows Mosaic morphology. It means that certain characteristics are similar to the modern worlds, while others portion similarities with the apes. The human-like morphology: the scree – which besides has both human and ape features – together with the shinbone and calf bone, shows a more human like articulation at the talotibia. Although, the form of the scree is instead ape-like. Other marks that reveal a more human visual aspect in the afarensis pes are the talar trochlear form, the way of the ankle articulation ‘s axis and of the Flexor hallucis longus ‘s channel which suggest that the motions of the afarensis were really similar to those of the modern worlds. The form of the 5th metatarsals reveal a really similar ability of dorsiflexion as it is present in modern worlds. Their scaphoid castanetss in visual aspect are more ape-like, but the presence of the channel of the spring ligament proves that they might hold similar arches than the modern worlds have. The possibility of the two-footed motive power can be traced down besides by the human-like sidelong cuneiform, although, its hook makes it look more ape like. However, the ape-like curves of the phalanges suggest that they might be arborical. The chalky besides have both human and ape like characteristics, the median cuneiform is instead ape like, so is the first metatarsal ‘s rounded caput. The pes of Paranthropus robostus has several human-like features. These characteristics are the undermentioned: the big toe likely was adducted unlike in the apes where the large toe is instead abducted, the plantar ligaments suggest similarities to the human pes, the first metatarsal suggests that it bore more weight than the apes because of its robust visual aspect, but other characteristics on the first metatarsal bone reveal ape-like characteristics, excessively. Harmonizing to the article of Susman and Brain ( 1988, mentioned in Aiello and Dean ) , it is really likely that the Paranthropus robostus was two-footed but in a different manner than the modern worlds. The pes of the Homo habilis: The biggest statement is caused by the tarsal castanetss of a immature Homo habilis ( OH 8 from Olduvai Gorge ) , because some research workers do non believe that the human features of this specimen ‘s pes castanetss are good plenty to be classified as worlds. The elements of the pes show the marks of the bipedalism – even those agree with this who do non believe that this specimen deserves to be included into the Homo genus – but, possibly, in a wholly different manner as it is seen in the modern worlds. Another scree bone, the KNM-ER 813 from Koobi Fora, has less jobs with its categorizations, as it shows more similarities to the scree of the modern worlds. The first metatarsal is the most robust, and the 5th metatarsal bone of the OH 8 is the 2nd, while in apes the 5th metatarsal bone is the weakest. The size of the pes length of the OH 8 is besides more similar to the construction of the human pes. The dodo record suggests that the opposability of the large toe of OH 8 is non present, but the adduction of it can be observed. The ability of grasping is besides really likely, though. The pes of the Neandertal mans: Interestingly, the groundss reveal that the opposability of the large toe might be someplace between the modern worlds and the life apes. Others deny it, because of the more human features in the tarsometatarsal articulation, which can be varied on a great graduated table even in modern worlds. Typical Neanderthal characteristics are the short proximal phalanx of the large toe and the short cervix of the scree. The possible marks of the bipedalism in the fossil groundss: Apart from the castanetss of the pes other skeletal remains can uncover the erected organic structure position and the possible bipedal walking wonts. A comparative longer arm may be a mark of the arborical life-style, or partially arborical life fortunes. However, Lucy has comparatively short fingers, non ape-like, long 1s ( JOHANSON-EDEY 1990 ) The form of shoulder blade and the orientation of the glenoid pit besides can assist to reply this inquiry. A little fragment of an Australopithecus afarensis shoulder blade suggests that its proprietor had a more ape-like in this inquiry, than human like. In apes the glenoid pit faces towards the braincase and this characteristic can be observed besides in instance of this fragment. A more complete shoulder blade – which derives from an A. africanus ( Sts 7 ) – can state us more inside informations about the possible maps of the thoracic girdle. This scapula looks really similar to the scapula fragment of the afarensis specime n ( AL 288-1l ) , and they both bear more similarities to the thoracic girdle of the apes, particularly to the orang-utans. The ribcage has more ape-like features in its visual aspect. The form of the vertebral column, nevertheless, widens distally ( the lumbar vertebrae are the widest ) as it appears in worlds, which is another possible mark of the two-footed motive power. The pelvic girdle shows more groundss for the mosaic morphology yet once more. The iliac crest is instead human-like, although it is more extended laterally and the cotyloid cavity orients more anteriorly. Possibly this is the ground why A. afarensis has a comparatively really long femoral cervix. The iliac blades direct interiorly, as good. The form of the sacrum is really broad – another human-like mark, nevertheless its posterior section is non as curved anteriorly as it is in the modern worlds. Harmonizing to Johanson ( JOHANSON-EDEY 1990 ) , Lucy ‘s pelvic girdle is adapted to the two-footed motive power every bit good as to the possibility to give life to large-headed babes, as her pelvic girdle is so broad. All these characteristics make likely that the A. afarensis could walk bipedally, but in a more complicated manner. The anteriorly faced cotyloid cavity could ensue a really heavy bipedalism. On the femoral caput, we can detect a stronger fovea than it is on the femoral caput of the modern homo. In quadrupeds the tibial tubercle is more rounded and less crisp. The â€Å" acuteness † of the tibial tubercle is a more human ( or bipedal ) feature. This acuteness can be observed in Lucy, although her tibia looks more robust compared to the really tall juvenile, the Turkana male child ( H. erectus ) . In proximal thighbone of the Australopithecines, there are about the same figure of similarities to worlds ( the varied presence of the intertrochanteric line and the Obturator externus channel ) than to Pan troglodytess ( the little femoral caput and the non-flaring greater trochanter ) and the alone characteristics ( long femoral cervix, compressed femoral neck-cross subdivision ) , the more similarities to worlds in the inquiry of the distal thighbone ( the high/very high bicondylar angle, the egg-shaped shaped sidelong epicedial profile ) , and its ain alone phenomena in the epiphysis form and symmetricalness, but the femoral shaft ‘s more similarity to the Pan troglodytess gives us a really eclectic feeling about the possible motive power of the Australopithecines. As I wrote in the 1B inquiry, the pes of the Australopithecines show really varied image every bit good. It reveals both human and ape like characteristics – such as about everything else in the Australopithecus skeleton. The more human like elements of the pes include the human-like mortise joint articulation, the ability of a better dorsiflexion, the expanded base of the 5th metatarsal, the broad heelbone and the presence of the longitudinal arch. On the other manus, there are several ape-like features, like the form of the phalanges, the tubercle of the calcaneous has an egg-shaped orientation, besides has a immense peroneal tubercle, the already mentioned ape-like form of the â€Å" hook † of the sidelong cuneiform bone, and the rounded caput of the first metatarsal. Summarizing, the mosaic morphology in the Australopithecines are really strongly present, they portion similarities to the worlds, every bit good as to the apes, but they besides developed ain characteristics. It is really likely that they were adapted to the two-footed motive power, but non in a modern human manner. The essay has been written by utilizing the undermentioned books as a guide-line: Aiello and Dean, 2006: An Introduction To Human Evolutionary Anatomy, reprinted in 2006, Elsevier Academic Press, London The stuffs during the Demo-sessions And JOHANSON-EDEY, 1990: Lucy – The Beginnings of Humankind, Penguin Books, London, 1990. How to cite The evolutionary anatomy, Essay examples

Westjet Case Analysis free essay sample

Table of Contents Executive Summaryi Table of Contents1 About WestJet1 Market Share2 Domestic2 International3 Market Position and SWOT Analysis5 WestJet Key Financial Ratios7 Accounting, Finance, Legal and Environmental Issues8 Shareholders and Company Ownership8 Accounting Policy and Internal Control9 Legal9 Environmental 11 Investor Recommendations12 Bibliography13 THE COMPANY AND ITS POSITION IN THE MARKET Competitive Landscape Markets where WestJet competes: †¢Airlines †¢Consumer Services †¢Travel Agencies Services †¢Transportation Services †¢Air Cargo Services Direct competitors †¢Air Canada †¢Air Transat †¢Porter Air Central Mountain Air Key Financial Data 201020092008 Profit margin5. 24%9. 23%11. 48% Return on Equity8. 59%15. 16%27. 21% Debt/Total Assets0. 580. 600. 67 Book value$ 10. 54$ 10. 01$ 8. 28 About WestJet WestJet is a Canadian low-cost airline, publicly traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange – (TSX: WJA). Founded in 1996 , it currently is the second largest carrier in Canada, next to Air Canada. WestJet operates in 70 cities across North America, Mexico and the Caribbean and employs over 8000 employees and is non-unionized. The WestJet head office and main hub is located in Calgary, the other main hub being Toronto Pearson Airport. We will write a custom essay sample on Westjet Case Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The airline operates an average of 420 flights and carries 40000 passengers per day. WestJets fleet consists exclusively of Boeing 737s, following the single operating type model pioneered by Southwest Airlines. In 2010 the carrier’s fleet consisted of 91 aircraft. WestJet has maintained a constant focus on customer service, providing low fares, and always-on-time service, allowing them to take a leading position in the Canadian airline industry. Market Share Domestic FIGURE 1 SOURCE: DATA FROM BRENT JANG, WESTJET CLOSING THE GAP WITH AIR CANADA, THE GLOBE AND MAIL REPORT ON BUSINESS, FEBRUARY 18,2010, HTTP://WWW. THEGLOBEANDMAIL. COM/REPORT-ON-BUSINESS/WESTJET-CLOSING-GAP-WITH-AIR-CANADA/ARTICLE1472230/ WestJet’s 2009 domestic market share is 38% which they plan to increase to 45% by 2014. Their current strategy is to increase market share each year steadily by 1%-2%, to which they have been very successful – from 2000 to 2010 WestJet’s market share grew from 7% to 38%. International FIGURE 2 SOURCE: DATA FROM BRENT JANG, WESTJET CLOSING THE GAP WITH AIR CANADA, THE GLOBE AND MAIL REPORT ON BUSINESS, HTTP://WWW. THEGLOBEANDMAIL. COM/REPORT-ON-BUSINESS/WESTJET-CLOSING-GAP-WITH-AIR-CANADA/ARTICLE1472230/ As of December 2010, WestJet had a 15% market share in the Mexico/ Caribbean market and 13% in the trans-border market. International cont’d FIGURE 3 SOURCE: DATA FROM BRENT JANG, WESTJET CLOSING THE GAP WITH AIR CANADA, THE GLOBE AND MAIL REPORT ON BUSINESS, HTTP://WWW. THEGLOBEANDMAIL. COM/REPORT-ON-BUSINESS/WESTJET-CLOSING-GAP-WITH-AIR-CANADA/ARTICLE1472230/ ? Market Position and SWOT Analysis WestJet has positioned itself as no frills airline company offering which offers lower rates and better service than its competitors. When WestJet started operations their plan was to target families who travelled by car. Once WestJet had established its target market, it worked on enhancing customer service to these customers without increasing fares. WestJet markets itself as being different than its competitors. Using its unique slogans such as â€Å"Owners Care† and â€Å"I Care-Antee it†, Westjet enhances the positive image of its corporate culture. WestJet actively markets its staff as â€Å"WestJetters†, with 84% of the WestJet’s eligible employees owning shares in the company . WestJet has also been the awarded the title â€Å"Canada’s Most Admired Corporate Culture† by Waterstone Human Capital for four years . WestJet Vacations, started in 2004, is now a leader in the vacation package industry. It is #1 hotel room provider in Las Vegas, and is continuously growing in the US, Mexico and Caribbean marketplace. [SOURCE ] Recently, Westjet has been expanding the reach of their market by entering into strategic code-sharing agreements with international carriers, such as Cathay Pacific , and American Airlines ? StrengthsWeaknesses †¢Current strategic plan built on four pillars oPeople and Culture oGuest Experience oRevenue and Growth oCosts †¢Canadian based airline, support of Canadians †¢Newer, more comfortable airplanes Numerous code-sharing partnerships †¢Vertical integration with WestJet Vacations†¢Aggressive expansion in extremely competitive international market †¢Canadian based airline may find it hard to find strong support from US and International customers †¢Limited number of markets, many markets are seasonal †¢Customers loyalty may be limited to fares and seat sales OpportunitiesThreats †¢Continual expansion in local market share †¢Continual expansion of code-sharing agreements †¢Expansion of WestJet Vacations to preferred vacation destinations †¢Code-sharing opportunities with Asian carriers and other International carriers New entrants with a similar business model †¢Volatile fuel costs and changes in interest and exchange rates †¢Weather conditions †¢Acts of terrorism †¢Changes in airline legislation and labor laws TABLE 2 SOURCE: ? WestJet Key Financial Ratios 5-year Financial Ratios 2010 2009 200820072006 Profit Margin 5%9%11%14%9% Return on equity 9%15%27%4. 85%4. 89% Debt/Total Assets 0. 580. 600. 670. 200. 17 Interest coverage 3. 272. 023. 353. 152. 34 Price earnings ratio 15. 1916. 749. 44 8. 0515. 49 Book value $10. 55$10. 01$8. 28$3. 42$2. 79 Price to book ratio 1. 351. 241. 583. 514. 89 Table source: Westjet Annual Financial Reports WestJet shows strong overall strength in their financial performance. â€Å"WestJet announced the initiation of a quarterly dividend program in November 2010. The first payment of $0. 05 per common voting share and variable voting share is payable on January 21, 2011 to shareholders on record on December 15, 2010. † WestJet Traffic Statistics YearLoad FactorASM (billions)RPM (billions) 201079. 90%19. 53515. 613 200978. 70%17. 58813. 835 200880. 10%17. 1413. 731 ? Accounting, Finance, Legal and Environmental Issues Shareholders and Company Ownership WestJet shares are comprised of 75% common shares and 25% variable shares. Under the provisions of the Canada Transportation Act, WestJet must be controlled by Canadians. To ensure this the common shares must be owned by Canadians. The variable shares may be owned by non-Canadians. The Company was founded in 1996 by Clive Beddoe and a team of fellow entrepreneurs. In July 1999 the airline went public offering 1. 5million shares @ $10 starting notice. Clive continues to lead WestJet as founding Shareholder and chairman of the board of directors. The President and CEO is Gregg Saretsky, recently taking over the role from Sean Durfy who stepped down for personal reasons in 2009. Gregg was appointed as CEO in April 2010 and had previously been VP of WestJet vacations with over 30 years of aviation experience. The other members of the executive are: †¢Vito Clone, Executive VP, Finance, CFO †¢Bob Cummings, Executive VP, Marketing and Sales †¢Hugh Dunleavy, Executive VP, Strategy and Planning †¢Ferio Pugiese, Executive VP, People and Culture WestJet prides itself in being over 80% employee owned and offers several employee profit sharing and share plans. The risk of this type of ownership position is that should company profits fall, the employees may pursue union representation. Part of the uniqueness of the company is that it is non-union and this move away from the employees as owner could impact the company significantly. Accounting Policy and Internal Control During the latter half of 2010, WestJet implemented a new Human Resource Information System (HRIS). This new platform software combines the majority of human resource and payroll into two new components in their current ERP software. In October of 2009, WestJet also took on a major upgrade to their outdated reservation system, to a new system called SabreSonic. Almost immediately, WestJet encountered major problems. This in turn resulted in increasingly high call center volumes, upset customers, and a significant amount of resources to resolve this issue. WestJet had to also push back several important planned frequent flyer programs and code-sharing plans. â€Å"On February 13, 2008, the Accounting Standards Board (AcSB) confirmed that the changeover to IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) from Canadian GAAP will be required for publicly accountable enterprises from interim and annual financial statements, effective for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2011† Legal There have been two lawsuits of note against WestJet in the last decade . The litigants were competitors Air Canada and Jetsgo. The more famous of the two is a corporate espionage lawsuit that was filed against WestJet back in April of 2004. WestJet was accused of hacking into Air Canada`s employee website to retrieve confidential information. The result of this $200 million law suit was WestJet settled and agreed pay a $5. 5 million settlement and donated $10 million to children`s charities in both of the airlines names. WestJet also announced a public apology to Air Canada and accepted all wrong doing. ? Environmental Since 2001, WestJet has spent over $2 billion in upgrading their fleet to the more fuel efficient Next-Generation Boeing 737-series aircrafts. The airline was the first to adopt Required Navigation Performance (RNP) to land their aircraft. RNP shortens airtime and reduces fuel burn and emissions. They have constructed a new Calgary Campus which was designed in accordance with the Leadership in Energy and Environment Design (LEED) Green Building System. Though the airline industry in as a whole has promised to reduce carbon emissions over the next 20 years, the Aviation Environment Summit (A) found that aviation emissions have accounted for 2 percent of the overall global fossil fuel CO2 emissions in 2005, this number has also been predicted to increase to 3 percent by 2050. The aviation industry faces a larger more propionate problem, as each commercial aircraft fly’s in the upper atmosphere their water vapour contrails from their engines could produce climate variance at a rate that is disproportionate to the overall greenhouse-gas contribution. To simplify this theory, water vapour contrails can increase cirrus-cloud coverage on days that are clear by as much as 30%. Investor Recommendations Our review of WestJet is a company that has no doubt survived one of the largest recessions in our lifetime, rising fuel prices, and corporate espionage case with its largest competitor. Yet, in its resiliency, under new leadership from Gregg Saretsky, the company foreseeable future is that of success. A simple business model based on strong corporate culture, exceptional guest service, and keeping costs low while offering high value . We see promise in WestJet’s management direction to increase airline partnership and to expand their global reach. It is also important that we recognize, WestJet management acknowledging and taking full responsibility for their reservation system blunder in 2009. We trust that senior management will provide full transparency to its guests, employees, and shareholders for any future milestones or changes. With an industry that has significant external controlling factors, we see a major success and accomplishment in WestJet’s 15 years of operation with producing 55 out of 7 profitable quarters. More importantly, we would like to highlight the company’s Return on Equity which is 9% compared to its closest competitor Air Canada at 9%. It is also very impressive with the amount of capital expenditures and operating expenses that WestJet is able to keep a profit margin of 5% compared to Air Canada’s 1%. Value for WestJet is justified by assessing the companyâ €™s strong corporate culture, high brand equity, simple low cost business model, and proven success. It is our recommendation that WestJet be considered a strong candidate for investment. Bibliography Jang Brent, WestJet Closing the Gap with Air Canada, The Globe and Mail report on business, February,18,2010, http://www. theglobeandmail. com/report-on-business/westjet-closing-gap-with-air-canada/article1472230/ Kjelgaard Chris, â€Å"Flying Friendly: Aviation’s Environmental Challenge,† SPACE. com, August 23,2007,http://www. space. com/4160-flying-friendly-aviation-environmental-challenge. html Waterstone Human Capital, †About Canada’s 10† Waterstone HC Website, http://www. waterstonehc. com/cmac/about-canadas-10/10-most-admired-corporate-cultures-2005-2010 WestJet Airlines Ltd. , †Investor Media-Backgrounder,† WestJet Airlines Company Website, http://www. westjet. com/pdf/investorMedia/westjetBackgrounder. pdf Source:[WestJet Competition-Industries where WestJet Airlines Ltd. Competes],via Hoover,Inc. http://www. hoovers. com/company/WestJet_Airlines_Ltd/rffxrci-1-1njea3. html WestJet Airlines Ltd. , †Investor Fact Sheet,† WestJet Airlines Company Website, http://www. westjet. com/pdf/investorMedia/investorFactSheet. pdf WestJet Airlines Ltd. , †Media and Investors Relations-Stock Information†,